A Comparative Study of Government-Business Relations and Benefits for Citizen in the United States (U.S) and Japan

The success of any national economy in the world is the sum of the successes of the different sectors that make up that economy.This is because every nation has more than one economic sector which is used for the purposes of enhancing the performance of the national economy. It has been paramount for every government to ensure that there are appropriate measures being put in place ensure that these various sectors of the national economy are performing well to be able to deliver the value needed for developing the nation and ensuring that there is rapid development (AMBA, 2009).Therefore, in view of this – and given that the manner in which the business environment is able to operate is a key factor in the determination of the performance of economies of nations – it is critical that governments are able to devise models that will ensure that their relationship with businesses is such that benefits are able to be realized for the enjoyment of their citizens.This paper c ompares the government-business relations employed in the United States of America and Japan, with a view to establishing the inherent benefits of each of them and so establishing which model is more appropriate owing to its ability to bring more in returns in the form of varied benefits to the country and to its citizens. The main focus will be on the manufacturing sector.The Role of Government in Business and in SocietyThere is always an intrinsic relationship between government and business because the two are the main institutions in the society. The actions of one are affective of the other and the actions of the two affect the way the society is viewed.As such, government – being the main player and coordinator of all affairs in a country – ought to ensure that it is in a position to work well enough to ensure businesses operate in the right way and that whatever is done is for the enhancement of the mutual good of the organization (AMBA, 2009). Governments play a very important role determining the direction of the economy and in influencing the outcomes of the economy.Among other approaches, the nature of measures like protectionism, currency rate determination and control, free market policies, and the handling of globalization determines how businesses in the country operate and so their eventual outcome. The manufacturing sectors of the United States and Japan – the world’s largest and second largest economies – are very different. The main difference is in the relationship between the government and business.The government-business approaches in the manufacturing industry come in different ways and vary in each of these countries.Common policies in the sector have largely covered the areas of grants and subsidies, regulation with the aim of shielding the sector from stiff competition from the external environment especially in the face of widespread globalization of trade as well as other forms of regulation aimed at protecting the public from environmental pollution and other wasteful manufacturing practices; and ensuring that labor issues like employee rights, minimum wage, union autonomy, and work-place safety.The manufacturing sector is usually a very important sector and is in most cases the main source of the country’s much–needed foreign through its exports (Toshiyuki, Mika & Yusuke, 2010).Japan and the United States both have booming manufacturing sectors and although the United States has a relatively greater number of industries, Japan has tended to benefit a lot from the industry owing to its approaches to handling business matters (Toshiyuki, Mika & Yusuke, 2010).The American government has emphasized the need to subsidize its products from the manufacturing sector so as to shield the sector from stiff competition brought about by the influx of other goods from other countries in the age of globalization; as well as to ensure that the consumers benefits from reduced prices.Subsidies have made the cost of locally produced goods to be lower such that it makes it hard for products from other sectors to be able to compete on a level playing field with the American commodities (Toshiyuki, Mika & Yusuke, 2010). Therefore, although the country might not have a totally regulatory mechanism to check an influx of imports, it uses subsidies to give its products an unfair advantage over other products.

Problem Of Failure To Thrive Health And Social Care Essay

Although the term failure to boom ( FTT ) has been in usage in the medical idiom for rather some clip now, its precise definition has remained debatable1. accordingly, other footings such as â€Å" undernutrition † 1 and â€Å" growing lack † 2 have been proposed as preferred. FTT is a descriptive term applied to immature kids physical growing is less than that of his or her peers.3 The growing failure may get down either in the neonatal period or after a period of normal physical development.4 The term FTT is non, in itself, a disease but a symptom or mark common to a broad assortment of upsets which may hold small in common except for their negative consequence on growth.5 In this respect, a cause must ever be sought. Frequently, the rating of kids who fail to boom present a hard diagnostic job. Some of the troubles result from the legion differential diagnosings, the definition used or misdirected inclination to seek sharply for underlying organic diseases while pretermiting aetiologies based on environmental deprivation.6 In add-on, early accusals and disaffection of the kid ‘s parents by the health-care supplier will do the rating and direction of the kid who has failed to boom more difficult.7 In general, factors that influence a kid ‘s growing include: ( I ) A kid ‘s nutritionary position ; ( two ) A kid ‘s wellness ; ( three ) Family issues ; and ( four ) The parent-child interactions.3,8,9 All these factors must be considered in rating and direction of kid who has failed to boom. This paper presents a simplified but elaborate attack to the rating and direction of the kid with FTT.DefinitionThe best definition for FTT is the 1 that refers to it as unequal physical growing diagnosed by observation of growing over clip utilizing a standard growing chart, such as the National Center for Health Statistics ( NCHS ) growing chart.10 All governments agree that merely by comparing tallness and weight on a growing chart over clip can FTT be assessed accurately.11 So far, no consensus has been reached refering the specific anthropometric standards to specify FTT.11 Consequently, where consecutive anthropometric records is non available, FTT has been diversely def ined statistically. For case, some writers defined FTT as weight below the 3rd percentile for age on the growing chart or more than two standard divergences below the mean for kids of the same age and sex1-3 or a weight-for-age ( weight-for-hieght ) Z-score less than subtractions two.1 Others cite a downward alteration in growing that has crossed two major growing percentiles in a short time.3 Still others, for diagnostic intents, defined FTT as a disproportional failure to derive weight in comparing to height without an evident aetiology.6 Brayden et al.,2 suggested that FTT should be considered if a kid less than 6 months old has non grown for two back-to-back months or a kid older than 6 months has non grown for three back-to-back months. Recent research has validated that the weight-for-age attack is the simplest and most sensible marker of FTT.12Pitfalls of these definitions:One restriction of utilizing the 3rd percentile for specifying FTT is that some kids whose weight autumn below this arbitrary statistical criterion of normal are non neglecting to boom but stand for the three per centum of normal population whose weight is less than the 3rd percentile.5,6 In the first 2 old ages of life, the kid ‘s weight alterations to follow the familial sensitivity of the parent ‘s tallness and weight.13,14 During this clip of passage, kids with familial short stature may traverse percentiles downward and still be considered normal.14 Most kids in this class happen their true curve by the age of 3 years.6,14 When the percentile bead is great, it is helpful to compare the kid ‘s weight percentile to tallness and caput perimeter percentiles. These should be consistent with the place of tallness and caput perimeter percentiles of the patient.5 Another restriction of the 3rd percentile as a standard to specify FTT is that babies can be neglecting to boom with pronounced slowing of weight addition, but they remain undiagnosed and hence, untreated until they have fallen below the arbitrary 3rd percentile.6 These normal little kids do non show the disproportional failure to derive weight that kids with FTT do.6 This attack attempts non merely to forestall normal little kids from being falsely labeled as neglecting to boom, but besides excludes kids with diseased proportionate short stature.14 Having excluded these easy distinguishable upsets from the differential diagnosing of FTT, simplifies the attack to rating of the kid who has failed to thrive.6 A more across-the-board definition of FTT includes any kid whose weight has fallen more than two standard divergences from a old growing curve.3,15,16 Normal displacements in growing curves in the first 2 old ages of life will ensue in less terrible diminution ( i.e, less than 2 SD ) .13 Some writers have even limited the definition of FTT to merely kids less than 3 old ages old17,18 A precise age restriction is arbitrary. However, most kids with FTT are under 3 old ages of age.6,8EpidemiologyIn immature kids, FTT which does non make the terrible classical syndrome of marasmus is common in all societies.19 However, the true incidence of FTT is non known as many babies with FTT are non identified, even in developed countries.20-22 It is estimated to impact 5 – 10 % of immature kids and about 3 – 5 % of kids admitted into learning hospitals.3,5,23 Mitchell et al,24 utilizing multiple standards found that about 10 % of under-fives go toing primary wellness attention Centre in the United States showed FTT. About 5 % of pediatric admittances in United Kingdom are for FTT.4 The prevalence is even higher in developing states with wide-spread poorness and high rates of malnutrition and/or HIV infections.3,19 Children Born to individual teenage female parents an d working female parents who work for long hours are at increased risk.22 The same is true of kids in establishments such as orphanhood places and places for the mentally retarded5,22 with an estimated incidence of 15 % as a group.5 Under-feeding is the individual commonest cause of FTT and consequences from parental poorness and/or ignorance.19,22,24 Ninety five per centum of instances of FTT are due to non plenty nutrient being offered or taken.25 The peak incidence of FTT occurs in kids between the age of 9 – 24 months with no important sex difference.22 Majority of kids who fail to boom are less than 18 months old.3 The syndrome of FTT is uncommon after the age of 5 years.3,22EtiologyTraditionally, causes of FTT have been classified as non-organic and organic. However, some writers have stated that this nomenclature is misleading.27 They based their sentiment on the fact that all instances of FTT are produced by unequal nutrient or undernutrition and in that context, is o rganically determined. In add-on, the differentiation based on organic and non-organic causes is no longer favoured because many instances of FTT are of assorted aetiologies.3 Based on pathophysiology ( the preferred categorization ) , FTT may be classified into those due to: ( I ) Inadequate thermal consumption ; ( two ) Inadequate soaking up ; ( three ) Increased thermal demand ; and ( four ) Defective use of Calories. This categorization leads to a logical organisation of the many conditions that cause or contribute to FTT.10Non – organic ( psychosocial ) failure to boomIn non-organic failure to boom ( NFTT ) , there is no known medical status doing the hapless growing. It is due to poverty, psychosocial jobs in the household, maternal want, deficiency of cognition and accomplishment in infant nutrition among the care-givers5,11. Other hazard factors include substance maltreatment by parents, individual parentage, general immatureness of one or both parents, economic emphasis and strain, impermanent emphasiss such as household calamities ( accidents, unwellnesss, deceases ) and matrimonial disharmony.6,8,22 Weston et al,28 reported that 66 % of f emale parents whose babies failed to boom has a positive history of holding been abused as kids themselves, compared to 26 % of controls from similar socioeconomic background. NFTT histories for over 70 % of instances of FTT.6 Of this figure, about one-third is due to care-giver ‘s ignorance such as wrong eating technique, improper readying of expression or misconception of the baby ‘s nutritionary needs,29 all of which are easy corrected. A close expression at these hazard factors for NFTT suggest that babies with growing failure may stand for a flag for serious societal and psychological jobs in the household. For illustration, a down female parent may non feed her baby adequately. The baby may, in bend, go withdrawn in response to female parent ‘s depression and provender less well.10 Extreme parental attending, either disregard or hypervigilance, can take to FTT.10Organic failure to boomIt occurs when there is a known implicit in medical cause. Organic upsets d oing FTT are most commonly infections ( e.g HIV infection, TB, enteric parasitosis ) , GI ( e.g. , chronic diarrhea, gastroesophageal reflux, pyloric stricture ) or neurologic ( e.g. , intellectual paralysis, mental deceleration ) disorders.6,19,22 Others include GU upsets ( e.g. , posterior urethral valve, nephritic cannular acidosis, chronic nephritic failure, UTI ) , inborn bosom disease, and chromosomal anomalies.6,7 Together neurologic and GI upsets account for 60 – 80 % of all organic causes of under nutrition in developed countries.30 An of import medical hazard factor for under nutrition in childhood is premature birth.1 Among preterm babies, those who are little for gestational age are peculiarly vulnerable since antenatal factors have already exerted hurtful consequence on bodily growth.1 In societies where lead toxic condition is common, it is a recognized hazard factor for hapless growth.5,31 Organic FTT virtually ne'er presents with stray growing failure, other m arks and symptoms are by and large apparent with a elaborate history and physical examination.32 Organic upsets histories for less than 20 % of instances of FTT.6Assorted failure to boomIn assorted FTT, organic and non organic causes coexist. Those with organic upsets may besides endure from environmental want. Likewise, those with terrible undernutrition from non-organic FTT can develop organic medical jobs.FTT with no specific aetiologyReappraisal of the literature on FTT indicate that in 12 – 32 % of instances of kids who have failed to boom, no specific aetiology could be established.23,33-34Causes of failure to boomA. Prenatal instances: ( I ) Prematureness with its complication ( two ) Toxic exposure in utero such as intoxicant, smoke, medicines, infections ( eg German measles, CMV ) ( three ) Intrauterine growing limitation from any cause ( four ) Chromosomal abnormalcies ( eg Down syndrome, Turner syndrome ) ( V ) Dysmorphogenic syndromes.B. Postnatal causes based on pathophysiology:A. Inadequate thermal consumption which may ensue from:I. Under feeding Incorrect readying of expression ( e.g. excessively dilute, excessively concentrated ) . Behaviour jobs impacting eating ( e.g. , kid ‘s disposition ) . Unsuitable feeding wonts ( e.g. , uncooperative kid ) Poverty taking to nutrient deficits. Child maltreatment and disregard. Mechanical eating troubles e.g. , inborn anomalousnesss ( dissected lip/palate ) , oromotor disfunction. Prolonged dyspnea of any causeB. Inadequate soaking up which may be associated with:Malabsorption syndromes e.g. Celiac disease, cystic fibrosis, cow ‘s milk protein allergic reaction, giardiasis, nutrient sensitivity/intolerance Vitamins and mineral lacks e.g. , Zn, vitamins A and C lacks. Hepatobiliary diseases e.g. , bilious atresia. Necrotizing enterocolitis Short intestine syndrome.C. Increased Caloric demand due toHyperthyroidism Chronic/recurrent infections e.g. , UTI, respiratory tract infection, TB, HIV infection Chronic anemiaD. Defective Utilization of Kilogram caloriesCongenital mistakes of metamorphosis e.g. , galactosaemia, aminoacidopathies, organic acidurias and storage diseases. Diabetess inspidus/mellitus Nephritic cannular acidosis Chronic hypoxaemiaClinical manifestations of FTT3,22Normally the parents/care-givers may kick that the kid is â€Å" non turning good † or â€Å" losing weight † or â€Å" non feeding good † or â€Å" non making good † or â€Å" non like his other siblings/age couples † . Usually FTT is discovered and diagnosed by the baby ‘s physician utilizing the birthweight and wellness clinic anthropometric records of the kid. The infant looks little for age. The kid may exhibit loss of hypodermic fat, reduced musculus mass, thin appendages, a narrow face, outstanding ribs, and wasted natess, Evidence of ignored hygiene such as nappy roseola, common tegument, overgrown and soiled fingernails or common vesture. Other findings may include turning away of oculus contact, deficiency of facial look, absence of snuggling response, hypotonus and premise of childish position with clinched fists. There may be marked preoccupation with thumb suction.EvaluationA. Initial ratingIt has been proposed that merely three initial probes are required to develop an economical, treatment-centred attack to the kid who presents with FTT and this include:35 ( I ) A thorough history including an itemized psychosocial reappraisal ; ( two ) Careful physical scrutiny including finding of the auxological parametric quantities ; and ( three ) Direct observation of the kid ‘s behavior and of parent-child interactions. The Psychosocial Review: The psychosocial history should be as thorough and systematic as a authoritative physical scrutiny Goldbloom35 suggested that the interviewers should inquire themselves three inquiries about every household: ( I ) How do they look ; ( two ) What do they say ; and ( three ) What do they make? a. History ( 1 ) Nutritional history Nutritional history should include: Detailss of chest eating to acquire an thought of figure of provenders, clip for each eating, whether both chests are given or one chest, whether the eating is continued at dark or non and how is the kid ‘s behavior before, after and in between the provenders. It would give an thought of the adequateness or insufficiency of female parents milk. If the baby is on expression eating: Is the expression prepared right? Dilute milk provender will be hapless in Calorie with extra H2O. Too concentrated milk provender may be unpalatable taking to refusal to imbibe. It is besides indispensable to cognize the entire measure of the expression consumed. Is it given by bottle or cup and spoon? Besides assess the feeling of the female parent e.g. , inquire â€Å" how make you experience when the babe does non feed good? † Time of debut of complementary provenders and any trouble should be noted. Vitamin and mineral addendum ; when started, type, sum, continuance. Solid nutrient ; when started, types, how taken. Appetite ; whether the appetency is temporarily or persistently impaired ( if necessary calculate the thermal consumption ) . For older kids enquire about nutrient likes and disfavors, allergic reactions or idiosyncracies. Is the kid Federal forcibly? It is desirable to cognize the feeding modus operandi from the clip the kid wakes up in the forenoon boulder clay he sleeps at dark, so that one can acquire an thought of the entire thermal consumption and the Calories supplied from protein, fat and saccharide every bit good as adequateness of vitamins and minerals intake. ( 2 ) Past and current medical history The history of antenatal attention, maternal unwellness during gestation, identified foetal growing jobs, prematureness and birth weight. Indexs of medical diseases such as emesis, diarrhea, febrility, respiratory symptoms and weariness should be noted. Past hospitalization, hurts, accidents to measure for kid maltreatment and disregard. Stool form, frequence, consistence, presence of blood or mucous secretion to except malabsorption syndromes, infection and allergic reaction. ( 3 ) Family and societal history Family and societal history should include the figure, ages and sex of siblings. Ascertain age of parents ( Down syndrome and Klinerfelter syndrome in kids of aged female parents ) and the kid ‘s topographic point in the household ( pyloric stricture ) . Family history should include growing parametric quantities of siblings. Are at that place other siblings with FTT ( e.g. , familial causes of FTT ) , household members with short stature ( e.g. familial short stature ) . Social history should find business of parents, income of the household, place those caring for the kid. Child factors ( e.g. , disposition, development ) , parental factors ( e.g. , depression, domestic force, societal isolation, mental deceleration, substance maltreatment ) and environmental and social factors ( e.g. , poorness, unemployment, illiteracy ) all may lend to growing failure.5 Historical rating of the kid with FTT is summarized in Table 1. ( B ) PHYSICAL EXAMINATION The four chief ends of physical scrutiny include ( one ) designation of dysmorphic characteristics suggestive of a familial upset hindering growing ; ( two ) sensing of under lying disease that may impair growing ; ( three ) appraisal for marks of possible kid maltreatment ; and ( four ) appraisal of the badness and possible effects of malnutrition.36,37 The basic growing parametric quantities such as weight, height / length, caput perimeter and mid-upper-arm perimeter must be measured carefully. Accumbent length is measured in kids below 2 old ages of age because standing measurings can be every bit much as 2cm shorter.36,37 Other anthropometric informations such as upper-segment-to-lower-segment ratio, sitting tallness and arm span should besides be noted. The anthropometric index used for FTT should be weight-for-length or height. Mid-parental tallness ( MPH ) should be determined utilizing the formula.40 For male childs, the expression is: MPH = [ FH + ( MH – 13 ) ] 2 For misss, the expression is: MPH = [ ( FH – 13 ) + MH ] 2 In both equations, FH is father ‘s tallness in centimeters and MH is mother ‘s tallness in centimeters. The mark scope is calculated as the MPH A ± 8.5cm, stand foring the two standard divergence ( 2SD ) assurance limits.14Appraisal of grade FTTThe grade of FTT is normally measured by ciphering each growing parametric quantity ( weight, tallness and weight/height ratio ) as a per centum of the average value for age based on appropriate growing charts3 ( See Table 3 )Table 3: Appraisal of grade of failure to boom ( FTT )Growth parametric quantityDegree of Failure to BoomMild Moderate Severe Weight 75-90 % 60 -74 % & lt ; 60 % Height 90 -95 % 85 – 89 % & lt ; 85 % Weight/height ratio 81-90 % 70 -80 % & lt ; 70 % Adapted from Baucher H.3 It should be noted that appropriate growing charts are frequently non available for kids with specific medical jobs, hence consecutive measurings are particularly of import for these children.3 For premature babies, rectification must be made for the extent of prematureness. Corrected age, instead than chronologic age, should be used in computations of their growing percentiles until 1-2 old ages of corrected age.3Table 2: Physical scrutiny of babies and kids with growing failure.AbnormalityDiagnostic ConsiderationCritical marks Hypotension High blood pressure Tachypnoea/Tachycardia Adrenal or thyroid inadequacy Nephritic diseases Increased metabolic demand Skin Lividness Poor hygiene Ecchymosiss Candidiasis Eczema Erythema nodosum Anaema Disregard Maltreatment Immunodeficiency, HIV infection Allergic disease Ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease, vasculitis HEENT Hair loss Chronic otitis media Cataracts Aphthous stomatitis Thyroid expansion Stress Immunodeficiency, structural oro- facial defect Congenital German measles syndrome, galactosaemia Crohn ‘s disease Hypothyroidism Chest Wheezes Cystic fibrosis, asthma Cardiovascular Mutter Congenital bosom disease ( CHD ) Abdomens Distension overactive Bowel sound Hepatosplenomegaly Malabsorption Liver disease, animal starch storage disease Genitourinary Diaper roseolas Diarrhoea, disregard Rectum Empty ampulla Hirschsprung ‘s disease Extremities Oedema Loss of musculus mass Clubing Hypoalbuminaemia Chronic malnutrition Chronic lung disease, Cyanotic CHD Nervous system Abnormal deep sinew Reflexes Developmental hold Cranial nervus paralysis Cerebral paralysis Altered thermal consumption or demands Dysphagia Behaviour and disposition Uncooperative Difficult to feed. Adapted from Collins et al 41 Growth charts should be evaluated for form of FTT. If weight, tallness and caput perimeter are all less than what is expected for age, this may propose an abuse during intrauterine life or genetic/chromosomal factors.2 If weight and tallness are delayed with a normal caput perimeter, endocrinopathies or constitutional growing should be suspected.2 When merely weight addition is delayed, this normally reflects recent energy ( thermal ) deprivation.2 Physical scrutiny in babies and kids with FTT is summarized in Table 2.Failure to boom due to environmental wantChild with environmental want chiefly demonstrate marks of failure to derive weight: loss of fat, prominence of ribs and musculuss blowing, particularly in big musculus groups such as the gluteals.6Developmental appraisalIt is of import to find the kid ‘s developmental position at the clip of diagnosing because kids with FTT have a higher incidence of developmental holds than the general population.36 With environmental wan t, all mileposts are normally delayed once the baby reaches 4 months of age.42 Areas dependant on environmental interactions such as linguistic communication development and societal version are frequently disproportionately delayed. Specific behavioral ratings ( e.g. , entering responses to near and backdown ) , have been developed to assist distinguish implicit in environmental want from organic disease.43 Assess the baby ‘s developmental position with a full Denver Developmental Standardized test.44Parent-child interaction:Evaluate interaction of the parents and the kid during the scrutiny. In environmental want, the parent frequently readily walks off from the scrutiny tabular array, looking to easy abandon the kid to the nurse or physician.6 There is small oculus contact between kid and parent and the baby is held distantly with small modeling to the parent ‘s body.6 Often the baby will non make out for the parent and small fond touching is noted.6 There is small pa rental show of pleasance towards the infant.6 Observation of eating is an built-in portion of the scrutiny, but it is ideally done when the parents are least cognizant that they are being observed. Breast-fed babies should be weighed before and after several eatings over a 24-hour period since volume of milk consumed may change with each repast. In environmental want, the parents frequently miss the babies cues and may deflect him during eating ; the baby may besides turn away from nutrient and look distressed.6 Unnecessary force may be used during feeding. Developing a portrayal of the child-parent relationship is a cardinal to steering intervention.11LABORATORY EVALUATIONThe function of research lab surveies in the rating of FTT is to look into for possible organic diagnosings suggested by the history and physical examination.33,34 If an organic aetiology is suggested, appropriate surveies should be undertaken. If history and physical scrutiny do non propose an organic aetiology, extended research lab trial is non indicated.6 However, on admittance full blood count, ESR, uranalysis, urine civilization, urea and electrolyte ( including Ca and P ) degrees should be carried out. Screen for infections such as HIV infection, TB and enteric parasitosis. Skeletal study is indicated if physical maltreatment is strongly suspected. In add-on to being unproductive, unsighted research lab fishing expeditions should be avoided for the undermentioned reason:5,6 ( I ) they are expensive ; ( two ) they impair the kid ‘s ability to derive weight in a new environment both by scaring him/her with venepuncture, Ba surveies and other nerve-racking processs and the no unwritten provenders associated with some probes prevent him/her from acquiring adequate Calories ; ( three ) they can be misdirecting since a figure of laboratory abnormalcies are associated with psychosocial want ( e.g. , increased serum aminotransferases, transeunt abnormalcies of glucose tolerance, decreased growing endocrine and Fe lack ) ; 21 and ( f our ) they divert attending and resources from the more productive hunt for grounds of psychosocial want. In one survey, a sum of 2,607 research lab surveies were performed, with an norm of 14 trials per patient. With all trials considered, merely 10 ( 0.4 % ) served to set up a diagnosing and an extra 1 % were able to back up a diagnosis.34Further Evaluation( 1 ) Hospitalization: Although some writers province that most kids with failure to boom can be treated as outpatients,4,5,11,45 I think it is best to hospitalise the baby with FTT for 10 – 14 yearss. Hospitalization has both diagnostic and curative benefits. Diagnostic benefits of admittance may include observation for eating, parental-child interaction, and audience of sub-specialists. Curative benefits include disposal of endovenous fluids for desiccation, systemic antibiotic for infection, blood transfusion for anemia and perchance, parenteral nutrition, all of which are frequently in-hospital processs. In add-on, if an organic aetiology is discovered for the FTT, specific therapy can be initiated during hospitalization. In psychosocial FTT, hospitalization provides chance to educate parents about appropriate nutrients and feeding manners for babies. Hospitalization is necessary when the safety of the kid is a concern. In most state of affairss in our set up, there is no feasible option to hospitalization. ( 2 ) Quantitative appraisal of consumption: A prospective 3-day diet record should be a standard portion of the rating. This is utile in measuring under nutrition even when organic disease is present. A 24-hour nutrient callback is besides desirable. Having parents compose down the types of nutrient and amounts a kid eats over a three-day is one manner of quantifying thermal consumption. In some cases, it can do parents aware of how much the kid is or is non eating.11Table 4: Summary of hazard factors for the development of failure to boomBaby featuresAny chronic medical status ensuing in: – Inadequate consumption ( e.g, get downing disfunction, cardinal nervous system depression, or any status ensuing in anorexia ) – Increased metabolic rate ( e.g, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, inborn bosom disease, febrilities ) – Maldigestion or malabsorption ( e.g, AIDS, cystic fibrosis, short intestine, inflammatory intestine disease, celiac disease ) . – Infections ( e.g. , HIV, TB, Giardiasis ) Premature birth ( particularly with intrauterine growing limitation ) Developmental hold Congenital anomalousnesss Intrauterine toxin exposure ( e.g. intoxicant ) Plumbism and/or anemiaFamily featuresPoverty Unusual wellness and nutrition beliefs Social isolation Disordered eating techniques Substance maltreatment or other abnormal psychology ( include Muschausen syndrome by placeholder ) Violence or maltreatment Adapted from Kleinman RE.1Table 1: Summary of historical rating of babies and kids with growing failurePrenatalGeneral obstetrical history Recurrent abortions Was the gestation planned? Use of medicines, drugs, or coffin nailsLabour, bringing, and neonatal eventsNeonatal asphyxia or Apgar tonss Prematureness Small for gestational age Birth weight and length Congenital deformities or infections Maternal bonding at birth Length of hospitalization Breastfeeding support Feeding troubles during neonatal periodMedical history of kidRegular doctor Immunizations Development Medical or surgical unwellnesss Frequent infectionsGrowth historyPlot old pointsNutrition historyFeeding behaviour and environment Perceived sensitivenesss or allergic reactions to nutrients Quantitative appraisal of consumption ( 3-day diet record, 24-hour nutrient callback )Social historyAge and business of parents Who feeds the kid? Life emphasiss ( loss of occupation, divorce, decease in household ) Handiness of societal and economic support ( Particular Supplemental Nutrition Program for Womans, Babies and Children ; Aid for Families with Dependent Children ) Percept of growing failure as a job History of force or maltreatment by or of care-giverReview of systems/clues to organic diseaseAnorexia Change in mental position Dysphagia Stooling form and consistence Vomiting or gastroesophageal reflux Recurrent febrilities Dysuria, urinary frequence Activity degree, ability to maintain up with equals Beginning: Duggan C.46DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF FAILURE TO THRIVE1. Familial short stature Although kids with familial short stature frequently are in the 3rd percentile on the growing chart, they have normal weight-to-height ratio and growing speed bone ages equal to their chronological ages and they look happy and healthy.47 Their growing curve runs parallel to and merely below the normal curves.48 2. Constitutional growing hold In constitutional growing hold, weight and height lessening near the terminal of babyhood, parallel the norm through in-between childhood and speed up toward the terminal of adolescence.48 Growth speed during childhood is normal, bone age is delayed, pubescence is delayed, wellness is otherwise normal and normally they have household history of delayed growing and puberty.47 3. Early oncoming growing hold Approximately 25 % of normal babies will switch to take down growing percentile in the first two old ages of life and so follow that percentile.11,49 This should non be diagnosed as failure to boom. Smith DW et al13 reported that 30 % of healthy, full-term, white babies cross one percentile line and 23 % cross two lines as they move from birth to age of 2 old ages. In both the history and physical scrutiny, there are no singular findings except that similar characteristics may be found in other siblings in the family.23 Although in some kids puberty may be delayed, normal pubertal growing jet occur subsequently in adolescence.23 The bone age corresponds to the tallness age.23 4. Specific infant populations Preterm babies and those who suffered intrauterine growing limitation may show growing failure in the immediate postpartum period50,51 but catch-up growing has been reported to happen during the first 2 to 3 old ages of life.52,53 As long as the kid ‘s growing follows a curve with a normal interval growing rate, FTT should non be diagnosed.54 Over diagnosing of growing failure can be avoided by utilizing modified growing charts developed for specific populations such as preterm infants,55,56 entirely breast fed infants,57,58 specific ethnicities ( e.g. , Asians ) 59,60 and babies with familial syndromes such as Down61 and Turner62,63 syndromes. The usage of these charts can assist reassure the doctor that these kids are turning suitably. In preterm babies, their chronological age should be corrected by gestational age until age of 24 months for weight measurings, 40 months for length, and 18 months for caput circumference.1 This is a petroleum method because it does non capture the variableness in growing speed that really low birthweight babies demonstrate.48 Entirely breast-fed babies tend to plot higher for weight in the first 6 months of life but comparatively lower in the 2nd half of the first year.48 5. Diencephalic Syndrome This syndrome must be differentiated from psychosocial FTT. The Diencephalic syndrome usually presents in the first twelvemonth of life with failure to boom, bonyness, increased appetite, euphoric affect and nystagmoid oculus movements.64,65 Clinically they differ from FTT because in contrast to their hapless physical status they are watchful, happy, active, associate easy and are non depressed.65 The Diencephalic syndrome consequences from neoplasms in the country of the hypothalamus and the 3rd ventricle.64 6. Psychosocial short stature ( Psychosocial nanism ) Psychosocial nanism is a syndrome of slowing of additive growing combined with characteristic behavior perturbations ( sleep upset and eccentric eating wonts ) , both of which are reversible by a alteration in the psychosocial environment.66 Normally the age at oncoming is between 18 and 24 months.66 Affected kids are frequently diffident and inactive and typically down and socially with drawn.5 The short stature may or may non be associated with accompaniment FTT.5MANAGEMENT OF A CHILD WITH FAILURE TO THRIVETreatment of FTT is both immediate and long-run and should be directed at both the baby and the mother/family. A good intervention program must turn to the followers: 1. The kid ‘s diet and eating form 2. The kid ‘s developmental stimulation 3. Improvement in care-giver accomplishments 4. Nursing considerations in the intervention of FTT 5. Presence of any implicit in disease 6. Regular and effectual follow up 7. Consultation and referral to specializers 1. The kid ‘s diet and eating form The pillar of direction of failure to boom, irrespective of aetiology, is nutritionary intercession and feeding behaviour alterations. For breast-fed babies, feeding interval should non be greater than four-hourly and the maximal clip allowed for suckling should be 20 proceedingss. Beyond this clip the baby would pall. Behavioural alteration should center on bettering feeding techniques, avoiding big sum of juices and extinguishing distractions such as telecasting during meal times. Fruit juice is an of import subscriber to hapless growing by supplying comparatively empty saccharide Calories and decreasing a kid ‘s appetency for alimentary repasts, taking to decreased thermal intake.67 Successful direction of FTT is followed by catch-up growth19 Catch-up growing refers to deriving weight at greater than 50th percentile for age.68 For catch-up growing, kids with FTT require 1.5 to 2 times the expected Calorie intake for their age.25Calculation of catch-up requirement30Kcal or gm protein for weight age ten ideal organic structure weight Actual weightAgeKcal/kggram protein/kg0 – 6 months 115 2.2 6 – 12 months 105 2.0 1 – 3 old ages 100 1.8 4 – 6 old ages 85 1.5 Beginning: Vinton NE et al30 Age Weight 3rd Catch-up growing fiftieth 97th Figure 1: Failure to boom and catch-up growing related to weight centile Beginning: Poskitt EME19 Some kids with FTT are anorectic and finical feeders. They may, hence, non be able to devour this sum of Calories in volume and therefore necessitate calorie-dense provenders. Toddlers can have more Calories by adding taste-pleasing fats such as cheese or butter ( where non executable palm oil ) to common yearling nutrients. In add-on, vitamin and mineral supplementation is required. Although some practicians add Zn to cut down the energy cost of weight addition during catch-up growing, the informations about its benefit are mixed.69,70 Meals should be pleasant, on a regular basis scheduled, and the kid should non be fed excessively quickly or excessively easy. Get downing with little sum of nutrient and offering more is preferred to get downing with big measures. Bites need to be timed in between repasts so that the kid ‘s appetency will non be spoiled. The type of thermal supplementation must be based on the badness of FTT and the implicit in medical status. For case, the sum of protein in the diet must be carefully monitored in kids with nephritic failure.3 Children with terrible malnutrition must be re-fed carefully to forestall re-feeding syndrome.3,67 For older babies and immature kids with psychosocial FTT, repast times should be about 30 proceedingss, solid nutrients should be offered before liquids, environmental distraction should be minimized and kids should eat with other people and non be forced-fed.71 The primary doctor may see confer withing a pediatric dietitian to assist supply calorie-dense diet.Monitoring nutritionary therapyThe first precedence is to accomplish ideal weight-for-age. The 2nd end is to achieve catch-up in length to that expected for the age. Stairss in the intervention are directed towards both immediate and long-run normal growing of the child.72 Effectiveness of therapy is monitored by addition in weight. Weight addition is response to adequate thermal eatings normally establishes the diagnosing of psychosocial FTT.3,23 If FTT continues in infirmary despite equal dietetic input, supernatural organic disease is most likely and requires farther investigation.23 Adequacy of weight addition varies with age ( see Table 5 ) .Table 5: Acceptable weight addition for age per twenty-four hoursAge ( months )Weight addition ( gram/day )Birth to & lt ; 3 20 – 30 3 to & lt ; 6 15 – 22 6 to & lt ; 9 15 – 20 9 to & lt ; 12 6 – 11 12 to & lt ; 18 5 – 8 18 to 24 3 – 7 Beginning: Brayden et al 2 Calculation of day-to-day or monthly growing such as weight addition in gms per twenty-four hours ( see Table 5 ) allows more precise comparing of growing rate to the norm.48 Although length growing is harder to measure, it should be 0.2 to 0.4mm per twenty-four hours in most children.73 2. The kid ‘s developmental stimulation: Organized programme of intensive environmental stimulation and fondness during waking hours using parents, voluntaries and child-life ( societal ) workers is necessary.33 Temporary or lasting Foster place may be required to extinguish inauspicious psychosocial environment. Surveies have shown that appropriate psychosocial stimulation is of import for cognitive development, both early and later in the kid ‘s life.74,75 3. Improvement in care-giver accomplishment Parents should be counselled about household interactions that are damaging to the kid. Pay attending to the care-giver ability to acknowledge the kid ‘s cues, reactivity and parental heat and allow behavior towards the kid. Guaranting that the nutrient is suitably prepared and presented and doing allowances for any troubles that the kid has in masticating and get downing may all take to improvement.3 Introduction of solids in little frequent provenders is utile. Babies should be fed in semi-upright position.76 All members of staff must work constructively with the parents, progressively go throughing duty back to them. They should avoid judgmental vocalizations. Prosecuting the parents as co-investigator is indispensable. It helps further their self-esteem and avoids faulting those who may already experience defeated and quilty because of sensed inability to foster their kid. 4. Nursing considerations in the direction of FTT: A nursing-care program should include careful charting of consumption, weight, and observations of the female parent ‘s eating manner and interaction with the kid. The nursing staff should teach the female parent on how to better behaviours that may be deprivational, including instructions on how to keep the infant stopping point during eating. The female parent should be taught how to cook locally available nutrients. Feeds should be thickened to increase its thermal denseness and therefore consumption. Educate the parents about the kid ‘s nutritionary and psychological demands. The kid should be stimulated by maternal attention, fondness and societal interaction with playthings and equals. Home visits by a community wellness nurse to measure household kineticss and economic state of affairs is of import. Parental anxiousness about the kid ‘s FTT can be allayed by reassurance by the nurse. 5. Underliing organic disease: Treat smartly any identified implicit in organic disease. Often the implicit in cause of FTT syndrome remains ill-defined, and an empiric test of nutritionary therapy by a individual experienced in feeding babies along with careful observation and support of the household is necessary. Children with FTT must be evaluated treated quickly and adequately for infection. The interactive relationship between nutritionary position and infection are peculiarly evident during babyhood. 6. Regular follow up: Upon discharge, near follow up with place visits is indispensable to guarantee care of nutritionary position. In this respect, Wright CM et al77 have shown that place nursing visits is associated with better results. Follow up should guarantee that the kid is so now booming physically by detecting their growing parametric quantities, utilizing the appropriate growing charts. It besides ensures that the kid continues to have equal nutrition at place. Cognitive development should be monitored and, where necessary, extra stimulation provided at place or in a preschool installation. The period of recuperation which should embrace calorie-dense diet is indispensable for full recovery of kids with FTT. Regular effectual follow up is critical in that accomplishing nutritionary and growing recovery in infirmary is likely less hard than keeping equal long-run nutritionary consumption and developmental stimulation at home.37 Children with FTT should be followed up at least every 4 hebdomads un til catch-up is demonstrated and the positive tendency maintained. 7. Consultation and referral to specialist ( s ) : For kids who are non bettering because of undiagnosed medical status or a peculiarly ambitious societal state of affairs, a multidisciplinary attack may be required.10,78Algorithm of an attack to direction of the kid with FTTDetailed History ( including itemized psychosocial reappraisal )Child with FTTThorough Physical Examination ( including auxological parametric quantities )Admit to infirmary with primary caregiver/motherInitial probes include FBC, ESR, uranalysis, urine civilization, stool for egg cell, cyst of parasite. Screen for HIV infection, TerbiumTest of nutritionary therapy with calorie-dense dietFeeds goodFeeds illFeed goodPoor or no weight addition in 4-5 yearssReassess ( farther physical test and probe )Good weight addition infirmary in 4-5 yearssGood weight addition in infirmary in 4-5 yearss Poor or no weight addition in infirmary in 4-5 yearss inNo organic diseaseReassess ( farther physical test and probe )Organic diseasediagnosedNegativeconsequencesSee psychosocial job and interveneRegular followup with growing supervising e.g monthlyRegular followup with growing supervising e.g monthlyOrganic diseasediagnosedInvite appropriate specializer ( s ) for disease-specific interventionSee psychosocial job and interveneRegular followup with growing supervising e.g monthlyInvite appropriate specializer ( s ) for disease-specific interventionRegular followup with growing supervising e.g monthlyPrevention OF FAILURE TO THRIVEPromotion of sole chest eating for early babyhood followed by optimal complementary eating in the presence of good hygienic patterns diminishes the hazard of infections, promotes infant growing and prevents child undernutrition.79 Community attempt to educate and promote people to seek aid for their societal, emotional, economic and interpersonal jobs may assist cut down the incidence of psychosocial FTT. Promoting rearing instruction classs in secondary schools every bit good as educational community programmes may assist new parents enter parentage with an increased cognition of an baby ‘s nutritionary and other demands. Early sensing of FTT and intercession can cut down the badness of symptoms, heighten the procedure of normal growing and development and better the quality of life experience by babies and kids. Prevention of LBW ( a hazard factor for FTT ) through balanced energy-protein supplementation, micronutrient supplementation, intervention of infection/malaria, surcease of smoke and intoxicant consumption in gestation are major intercessions capable of forestalling LBW.80Complication1. Malnutrition-infection rhythm: Perennial infection exacerbate malnutrition, which in bend leads to greater susceptibleness to infection. Children with FTT must be evaluated and treated quickly for infection. 2. Re-feeding syndrome: Re-feeding syndrome is characterized by unstable keeping, hypophosphataemia, hypomagnesaemia and hypokalaemia.68 To avoid re-feeding syndrome, when nutritionary rehabilitation is initiated, Calories can safely be started at 20 % above the kid ‘s recent intake.68 If no estimation of thermal consumption is available, 50 to 75 % of the normal energy demand is safe.68 If tolerated, thermal consumption can be increased by 10 to 20 % per twenty-four hours with monitoring for electrolyte instabilities, hapless cardiac map, hydrops, or feeding intolerance.68 If any of these occurs, halt further thermal additions until the kid ‘s clinical position stabilizes. 3. Chronic, terrible undernutrition in babyhood may deject caput growing, an baleful forecaster of subsequently cognitive disability.3PrognosisThe timing of abuse, continuance and badness of the disease doing growing failure find the ultimate outcome.25,30 The extent to which full catch-up growing occurs is frequently debated. A short period of hapless growing is likely to decide wholly if sustained equal nutrition is supplied for accelerated growth.19 On the other manus, drawn-out period of hapless growing is likely to take to persistent little size, peculiarly if it occurs early in babyhood when it may be hard to do up the immense increases in size of the first 6 months of life.19 When growing wavering occurs during or merely prior to puberty, there is merely a limited period of clip during which catch-up growing can happen, finally taking to incomplete catch-up growth.19 Repeated episodes of growing wavering without catch-up growing will take to clinical marasmus if decease from overpowering infection does non intervene.19 There are a limited figure of outcome surveies on kids with FTT, each with different definitions and designs, so it is hard to notice with certainty on the long-run consequences of FTT.81 In a big case-control survey of kids aged 7 to 9 old ages from an industrial economic system who had FTT in babyhood, Drewett et al82 confirmed continued lower attainments in weight, tallness and caput perimeter but non important differences in intelligence quotient. Other systematic reappraisals concluded that the long-run result of FTT is a decrease in intelligence quotient ( I.Q. ) of approximately three points, which is non of clinical significance.83 Long-term effectsA on tallness and weight look more pronounced than on I.Q.84 Children with past history of non organic FTT have been found at the age of five twelvemonth to be shorter and lighter than their matched controls.85 Regardless of aetiology, FTT in the first twelvemonth of life is peculiarly baleful, because maximum postpartum encephalon growing occurs in the first 6 months of life.3 Approximately a 3rd of kids with psychosocial FTT are developmentally delayed and have societal and emotional problems.3 The forecast is mor e variable in organic FTT depending on the specific diagnosing and badness of FTT. Merely one tierce of kids with FTT are finally judged to be normal.86 A possible account is that making optimum potency may be hard given that the socioeconomic and cultural environment in which these kids live is non easy changed.DecisionAlthough definitions of FTT vary, most governments agree that merely by comparing tallness and weight on a growing chart over clip can FTT be assessed accurately. Laboratory rating should be guided by history and physical scrutiny findings merely. The direction of FTT should get down with a careful hunt for its aetiology. Nutritional intercession utilizing calorie-dense diet is the basis of intervention of FTT, irrespective of aetiology. Social issues of the household and associated medical jobs most be addressed. A careful and timely hunt for cause of FTT and aggressive caloric supplementation are of import in obtaining the best possible result in kids with FTT.

Relative Frequency And Effects Of Disasters Environmental Sciences Essay

IntroductionHarmonizing to India catastrophe study 2011, 14 States and one Union Territory of India had experienced at least one catastrophe during the twelvemonth 2011. The harm occurred in footings of figure of human lives lost was 1432 and figure of cowss perished was 6266. In entire 6,84,901 houses were damaged and 16.28 lakh hectares of cropped country were affected. 1 Rank Catastrophe Year of happening Entire figure of people affected 1 Drought 1987 300,000,000 2 Drought 2002 300,000,000 3 Drought 1972 200,000,000 4 Flood 1993 128,000,000 5 Drought 1965 100,000,000 6 Drought 1982 100,000,000 7 Drought 2000 50,000,000 8 Flood 2002 42,000,000 9 Flood 1975 34,000,000 10 Flood 1982 33,500,000 Source- EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database www.em-dat.net – Universite Catholique de Louvain – Brussels – Belgique Table1.2 Top 10 Natural Disasters in India during 1900-2012 in footings of economic harm Rank Catastrophe Year of happening Damage ( 000 US $ ) 1 Flood 1993 7,000,000 2 Flood 2006 3,390,000 3 Flood 2005 3,330,000 4 Earthquake 2001 2,623,000 5 Storm 1999 2,500,000 6 Flood 2004 2,500,000 7 Flood 2005 2,300,000 8 Storm 1990 2,200,000 9 Flood 2009 2,150,000 10 Flood 2010 1,680,000 Source- EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database www.em-dat.net – Universite Catholique de Louvain – Brussels – Belgique Droughts and inundations were the catastrophes which affected maximal figure of people in India. Table1.1 shows the top 10 natural catastrophes in India in footings of entire figure of people affected during 1900-2012. In footings of economic harm it was once more the inundations which had caused immense economic losingss to India. Table1.2 shows the top 10 natural catastrophes in India in footings of economic harm during 1900-2012.1.2 CatastropheSo what is a catastrophe? Let ‘s discuss about it. Disaster is defined as happening of calamity in any country which may be due to natural or manmade causes. It can happen as an accident or due to negligence and may ensue in loss of human life and/or cattle life and/or harm to belongings. It may besides take to debasement of environment. Community of the affected country normally do n't hold the capacity to get by with the state of affairs without external support. 2 Catastrophes can be classified into two wide types: natural catastrophes and manmade catastrophes. The High Power Committee on catastrophe direction in India, constituted in 1999, has identified 31 different catastrophes which can be categorized into five major groups. 3 I. Water and clime related catastrophes two. Geological catastrophes three. Chemical, industrial and atomic catastrophes four. Accident related catastrophes v. Biological catastrophes1.2.1 Disaster directionDisaster direction is necessary non merely for prompt response during catastrophe but for bar of it and for decrease of hazard and badness of any catastrophe. It is a uninterrupted and incorporate procedure of planning, organizing, organizing and implementing different activities and steps. It includes readiness, appraisal of magnitude of effects, prompt response such as emptying, deliverance and alleviation. It besides includes rehabilitation and reconstruction.2 A typical catastrophe direction rhythm has six elements ; the pre-disaster stage comprises of bar, extenuation and readiness while the post-disaster stage comprises of response, rehabilitation, Reconstruction and recovery. 4 Traditionally, direction of any catastrophe worldwide, focussed on immediate deliverance and alleviation operation, so as in India. After the Great Famine of 1876-1878 in India, the Famine Commission was constituted in 1880. The Famine Relief Code was besides adopted. 5 Relief sections were set up under British regulation for exigencies during catastrophes. After independency, catastrophe direction in each province was looked after by Relief Commissioners, under Cardinal Relief Commissioner. Their function were limited to distribution of alleviation stuff in the affected countries. 3 Consequent upon announcement of the decennary 1990-2000 as International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction ( IDNDR ) by the general assembly of the United Nations 6 and the universe conference on natural catastrophes decrease at Yokohama, Japan in 1994, Government of India constituted a High Powered Committee in August, 1999. 7 The High Power Committee gave its recommendations in October 2001 including a bill of exchange of the catastrophe direction measure and suggested for the constitution of National Disaster Management Authority. 3, 5 After Odisha Super Cyclone ( 1999 ) and Gujarat Earthquake ( 2001 ) , India changed its catastrophe direction attack from reactive to proactive. 8 After the super cyclone, the Government of Odisha established the Odisha State Disaster Management Authority ( OSDMA ) . 51.2.2 Relative frequence and effects of catastrophesWorld meteoric organisation statistics shows that harm caused by natural catastrophes during 1963-2002 was worst for inundations ( Flood-32 % , Tropical cyclone-30 % , Droughts-22 % , Earthquakes-10 % and other disasters-6 % ) . 3 78.4 % of all catastrophe events worldwide occur due to hydro-meteorological causes and 47.94 % of all catastrophe deceases worldwide are due to hydro-meteorological catastrophes from 1900 to 2009. 3 Children and adult females are the most vulnerable group as 85 % of the deceases during catastrophes are of adult females and kids. 31.3 FloodFlood is defined as ‘the status that occurs when H2O overflows the natural or unreal confines of a watercourse, river, or other organic structure of H2O, or accumulates by drainage over low-lying countries ‘ . 9 Flood can happen in a little localised country due to heavy rainfall over a sustained period of clip and the attendant drainage job. Flash implosion therapy occurs when it rains excessively rapidly, by and large for less than six hours. But river inundations are normally of longer continuance as it may last a hebdomad or more and in some instances for months together doing more harm to human lives and farm animal. Coastal inundations are caused by tsunami, heavy costal rainfall and tidal action.10 River inundations are expected in some geographical countries. Peoples by and large welcome inundations as they provide rich dirt for cultivation and H2O for assorted intents. But flood at an unexpected graduated table and with inordinate frequence causes harm to lives, farm animal and the environment. Matter of concern is that, there is addition in the frequence and strength of inundations in many parts of the universe including India due to current clime change.111.3.1 Flood in IndiaThe Indian sub-continent is extremely vulnerable to assorted types of natural catastrophes like drouths, inundations, cyclones, temblors, and landslides etc. India is one of the 10 worst catastrophe prone states of the universe. 3 Among all these natural catastrophes that occur in the state, river inundations are the most frequent and frequently the most annihilating. In India, 40 million hectares of land which is about one-eighth of the entire country of the state is prone to inundations. Flood occurs in 23 out of entire 35 provinces and brotherhood districts in the state. 3 To command inundation in the state, The National Flood Control Program was launched in India in 1954. 31.3.2 Flood in OdishaOdisha province which is situated in the east seashore of India is one of the most vulnerable Indian provinces to climate change.12 It is located between 170 48 ‘ N and 220 35 ‘ N latitudes, and 810 47 ‘ E and 870 32 ‘ E longitudes. 1 The chief rivers of Odisha are Mahanadi, Brahmani, Baitarani, Budhabalanga, Subarnarekha, Rushikulya etc. These rivers are perennial with sulky flow throughout the dry season. With the oncoming of monsoon they swell threateningly and deluge big countries. 1 Odisha experiences terrible inundations in about every two old ages. 131.3.3 Flood in Kendrapara territory of OdishaKendrapara territory is one of the coastal territories of Odisha. After separation from Cuttack territory as a separate territory in 1993, Kendrapara has faced terri ble inundations in 1994, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 13and late in 2011.14 Harmonizing to India catastrophe study 2011, Kendrapara territory was severely hit by inundation in 2011. All the nine development blocks in the territory were affected. 473 small towns of 116 Gram Panchayats and two Urban Local Bodies ( ULBs ) were affected. Entire figure of population affected were 507145 ( Third highest after 625897 in Puri territory and 526923 in Cuttack territory ) with 13 human casualties ( Highest in the province ) . 27000 houses were damaged ( Second highest after Puri territory ) including kuchha and pucca houses. 11.3.4 Health effects of inundationFloods are frequently considered the most frequent and dearly-won of all natural catastrophes in footings of human agony and economic loss.15 Health impacts of inundation vary between populations and these depend on the physical exposure of population, single every bit good as community readiness and the type and continuance of flood event. The immediate wellness effects of inundation can be submerging, hurt, acute asthma, tegument roseolas, stomach flu, and respiratory infections. The mid-term effects of inundation are infected lesions, toxic condition, catching diseases, and famishment. The long-run wellness effects of inundation can be disablement, hapless mental wellness and malnutrition. 16 Approximately two-thirds of the flood deceases can be attributed to submerging. This implies that other one-third human deaths are due to causes other than submerging, such as physical injury, bosom onslaught, fire, C monoxide toxic condition and electrocution.17 In inundation state of affairss, there are ever increased opportunity of transmittal of diseases like cholera, cryptosporidiosis, infantile paralysis, rotavirus, enteric fever and paratyphoid, particularly in countries if the community does non hold entree to safe imbibing H2O and sanitation.18 Common mental upsets like anxiousness, depression and posttraumatic emphasis upset are common after a nerve-racking event of an exceptionally baleful nature like terrible inundation. 18 These may attest with symptoms like upseting memories, turning away of fortunes associated with the stressor, sleep perturbations, crossness and deficiency of concentration.18 Loss of cherished ownerships in inundation can hold much more impact than fiscal losingss. 19 One survey found a four times increase in unwellnesss among people whose places were flooded compared with those whose places were non flooded.20 Referrals to infirmaries were more than double from the flooded families than not flooded families for the old ages following the inundations in Europe. 21 One community degree survey in rural Odisha, India shows that exposure to inundations is associated with long-run malnutrition. Children who are exposed to inundations during their first twelvemonth of life show higher degrees of chronic malnutrition compared to the kids who are non exposed to deluge during their infancy.221.4 Public wellness system and inundationPublic wellness system should stay prepared to supply exigency services to the community as the demand may increase all of a sudden when inundation strikes the community. 23 but public wellness systems face tonss of jobs in pull offing the inundation state of affairs.1.4.1 ProblemsFlood can hold impact on the public wellness attention systems in two ways. The direct impact is due to structural harm to wellness installations and the secondary impact is through other direction jobs. 24 Scarcity of resources reduces the ability of the wellness system to react efficaciously. 25 Public wellness systems besides face jobs in presenting services due to population supplanting and power failure. Population supplanting leads to herding and sanitation job around the impermanent colonies. This may take to outbreak of diseases. 26 Water intervention workss may halt working due to power failure job during inundations. This increases the hazard for waterborne diseases. Power failure job besides affects proper operation of wellness installations such as care of cold concatenation. 26 Disease surveillance in affected countries is of import to understand the impact of inundation on diseases. But acquiring accurate and timely information during inundation is often disputing. 26 Healthcare instantly after inundation is frequently delivered by many bureaus and organisations. Coordination among them at that clip becomes a challenge. 261.4.2 ReadinessIn general inundation readiness steps include building of dikes, land usage planning, watershed direction, inundation prediction and warning system, inundation eventuality planning and readiness of community for self-defense activity and capacity edifice programmes. 11 Public and the public governments ever focus on structural intercessions that modify and control the velocity and the force of flood.10 Primary wellness Centres under public wellness system are the chief wellness attention establishments in rural countries to cover with wellness impacts of catastrophes. 27, 28 Poor people are more likely to be affected than the wealthier, when public wellness establishments are affected. 29 To cut down the wellness impacts on a population significantly, wellness system should hold information on impending inundation. 30 Flood readiness planning for public wellness system should be an on-going procedure. It should embrace all stakeholders so that the corporate wisdom can be utilised to cut down the impact of inundation, to take necessary action during the inundation event and to take up proper rehabilitation and recovery activities. 31 but it is a common fact that public wellness planning processes in most of the states including India are based on premises and guesss instead than grounds. 271.4.3 CommunityNational Disaster Management Authority ( NDMA ) has advised the Ministry of Panchayati Raj and Rural Development to turn to the concerns of catastrophe direction in the preparation of representatives of the Panchayati Raj Institutions and local organic structures. Women Self Help Groups ( SHGs ) , Anganwadi workers and adult females voluntaries are playing a lead funct ion in catastrophe direction readiness. Accredited Social Health Activist ( ASHA ) workers are besides easing first assistance and hunt and deliverance preparation for big figure of people. 8 So community should be cognizant about their exposure and strength. They are themselves the first respondents to any type of catastrophes. Education and preparation of the general community in first assistance and resuscitation decidedly helps in salvaging many lives before formal medical assistance reaches the catastrophe site. Evaluations of developing plans on first assistance and resuscitation have shown good consequences. Contingency plans and extenuation programs for inundation become successful merely when the planning procedure involves all the community members and it take into history the bing societal constructions and dynamics.32 It has been estimated that, 80-90 per centum of wellness attention demands in the first 24 hours after inundation strikes the community can be managed by trained voluntaries from the community itself. This besides reduces the work load on the public wellness system. 331.4.4 Public wellness workersEnrolling and retaining human resources in public wellness system is an all clip challenge. There is acute deficit of human resources in rural countries and it is felt clearly during catastrophes like inundation. 34 But Training of available human resource in flood direction can cut down the service spread during inundation well. 35 Training and capacity edifice of wellness forces is one of the most of import elements of catastrophe readiness program of public wellness system. Trained work force shows assurance in managing exigency state of affairss. Evaluation of preparation and capacity edifice activities are normally done by comparing pre-tests and post-tests36 but the existent rating of competence and effectivity occurs as the jeopardy strikes the community. Training besides helps to detect inadequacies in accomplishments, determination pickings pattern and information systems. 37 Training should hold theory Sessionss based on success narratives elsewhere in the universe and mock Sessionss supplying accomplishments to cover with the practical job. The most of import thing is that there should be refresher preparations on a regular basis with regular updating of cognition. 38 There should be more capacity edifice activities for community degree wellness workers as they are the first contact points for the community in exigency state of affairss like inundation. These activities should be based on recognized scientific attacks but adapted to the local culture.391.5 Public wellness system in OdishaCommissioner-cum-secretary of section of wellness is the administrative caput of the section and studies to the wellness curate. Nine managers and the drug accountant of Odisha study straight to the commissioner-cum-secretary. These managers are Mission Director, National Rural Health Mission ( NRHM ) ; Project Director, Odisha State AIDS Control Society ( OSACS ) ; Dir ector, Medical Education and Training ; Director, Acharya Harihar Regional Cancer Centre ( AHRCC ) ; Director, Family Welfare ; Director, Health Services ; Director, Public Health ; Director, State Institute of Health and Family Welfare ( SIHFW ) ; Director, Indian System of Medicine ( ISM ) and Homeopathy. Commissioner-cum-secretary is besides helped by secretaries at assorted degrees such as particular secretary, extra secretary, joint secretary, deputy secretary and under secretary. ( Annexure-1 ) District wellness disposal is headed by head territory medical officer. Public wellness system below territory degree has been described in the subdivision 3.1 ( Health system in the survey territory ) of consequence chapter. Table1.3 gives an thought about the figure of public wellness attention establishments in Odisha which provide services to entire population of 41,947,358 ( Rural 34,951,234 and Urban 6,996,124 ) in Odisha.40 Medical College and Hospitals 3 District Hospitals ( 30 territories + Capital Hospital, Bhubaneswar & A ; Rourkela General Hospital ) 32 Sub-Divisional Hospitals 26 Community Health Centres 377 Other Hospitals 79 Primary Health Centres 1228 Sub-Centres 6688 Ayurvedic Hospitals 2 Ayurvedic College & A ; Hospitals 3 Ayurvedic Dispensaries 619 Homoeopathic College & A ; Hospitals 4 Homoeopathic Dispensaries 561 Unani Dispensaries 9 Source- Annual Activity Report 2011-12, Health and Family Welfare Department, Government of Odisha.1.5.1 Public wellness system response to inundation in OdishaDirectorate of Public Health in Odisha has been created by a declaration of Department of Health & A ; Family Welfare in 2009. Disaster direction is one of the chief activities of the board of directors. 14 The State unit of Integrated Disease Surveillance Project ( IDSP ) becomes the province control room during inundation. During 2011 inundation, 135 medical alleviation squads were deployed and 482 Medical Relief Centers were opened in the inundation affected districts.141,73,374 packages of ORS and 52,74,613 Halogen tablets were distributed. 11.6 Rationale for the surveySuccessful direction of wellness impacts of inundation depends on the coordination of assorted sections and bureaus with the wellness section, cooperation from the community and leading of the wellness section. This can merely be achieved by bettering the ap prehension of wellness hazards in local scenes and of the societal and cultural qualifiers of those risks.17 Research on inundation hazards and response has mostly focused on economic sciences, support and agribusiness. Very few researches have given attending to wellness dimension of inundation. 41 A study of primary wellness centres in Jagatsinghpur territory of Odisha, surrounding territory of Kendrapara was done instantly after 2008 inundation. The aims were to measure the readiness and functional capacity of primary wellness centres in the territory for inundation response. Pretested questionnaire was used to interview medical officers merely. Health workers and other back uping staffs were non interviewed. 42 No mentions of survey conducted in Kendrapara territory which tries to understand the wellness hazards of community and wellness staffs, inter and intra wellness section work kineticss, outlook and cooperation of community and community based organisations in flood state of affairss were found. This survey is an effort to understand these local wellness system kineticss which can be utilized to alter the policy for better readiness of wellness system to pull off and extenuate the inauspicious wellness impacts of inundation in Kendrapara territory.1.7 Aims of the surveyaˆ? To analyze the major jobs encountered by public wellness workers in presenting the services after inundation aˆ? To analyze the readiness of public wellness workers for pull offing inundation state of affairs aˆ? To happen out the capacity spreads of public wellness workers in covering with inundation state of affairs

Northern Ireland Conflict Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Northern Ireland Conflict - Case Study Example Carmichael and Knox (2004) suggest that the peace process could only happen due to the associated power sharing, elected assembly and reformed system of public administration and civic engagement. Carmiuchae and Knox suggest that the implementation of the peace process was only an attempt to institutionalise stability through a political agreement. Along with changes in the peace agreement, there has also been changes in governance and practices in public sector and civil administration. Following the peace agreement there is a more complex and multilayered governance structure along with participation of local authorities and public bodies that seem to control the administration. Issues of territorial management exposes problems of constitutional loopholes and controversies that still seem to afflict the governance process and it is important to highlight on the importance of an agreed system of governance for proper implementation of the peace process. This would obviously bring us to the question as to why the peace process in Northern Ireland was particularly so difficult to achieve and what were the barriers to a successful resolution of the Northern Ireland conflict. As we have suggested, the loss of a balance of power and governance could be one of the reasons for which the peace process was being delayed and was proving to be difficult. ... rocess focused on improving the Anglo-Irish relations and deterioration of this relation during the conflict was again one of the main obstacles to the peace process. O'Kane (2004) point out to the apparent shifts in policy between the British and Irish governments and suggest that policy variations have been a major barrier to the successful resolution of the Ireland conflict. Mnookin (2003) highlights on the strategic barriers to dispute resolution and peace process and uses the case of Northern Ireland to illustrate his study. He suggests that in two party negotiations, the parties try to maximise their own individual returns and that a requirement for unanimity creates strategic barriers that may delay the political process of negotiation. Although certain decisions may be taken even without unanimity, the importance of the sufficient consensus standard as used for the Northern Ireland peace process would show that that not all peace agreements could have a complete political support from all parties concerned. The changing patterns of violence and the role of paramilitary groups which would be reasons of obstacle of the peace process have been considered by Jarman (2004). Jarman discusses on the changing patters of violence and paramilitary forces in Northern Ireland highlighting instances of violent crime, domestic violence, punishment' attacks, racist, homophobic violence, public disorder and rioting. Jarman highlights the role of the young people and paramilitary organisations and the subsequent police reform program that seems to have made important contributions in the pre peace stage and after the conflict resolution stage ad could have even acted as barriers to peace within a culture of violence. Within the context of barriers to the peace process,

WRITING CLASS PAPER ON ROMEO AND JULIET (PLAY VS THE MOVIE) Essay

WRITING CLASS PAPER ON ROMEO AND JULIET (PLAY VS THE MOVIE) - Essay Example True love was an element that would see no change, despite the time period it was thrust into. In following this very sentence, the movie directed by Luhrmann, was a disappointment because it was not able to reflect a number of emotions that Shakespeare intended to portray in his work. Due to this very reason, the movie is quite irrelevant when it comes to the actual play written, and through examples of this paper, the same has been depicted. Shakespeare did not fathom the fact however, that his play would later take the form of a movie enacted by Leonardo DiCaprio and Claire Danes; he never thought that actors on reel would ever portray his characters; and do it very averagely at that too. There have been a number of statements and reviews regarding how terrible the movie version, ‘Shakespeare in Love’ was as compared to the actual emotions and feelings that should have been reflected in any enactment of Romeo and Juliet; this play has been done time and again in theat res big and small, all around the world. In Shakespeare’s play, Romeo says, â€Å"Is love a tender thing? it is too rough, Too rude, too boisterous, and it pricks like thorn.† ... He wanted the audience to know what Shakespeare was thinking of when he thought of the word love, and thus, how the same feeling came across to the world through the pages of Romeo and Juliet. However, since the director wanted to show all of this while keeping in account his own ideas and beliefs of what the same emotions of affection were according to the renowned playwright, he failed miserably in doing so. A number of important speeches, dialogues and scenes have been left out from the story in the movie; some of which were crucial for the existence of the entire plot of the novella; for example the scene that takes place between Romeo and the apothecary. Yet another change in the scenes is when at the end, Lady Montague is shown as alive and standing next to her husband, instead of having died of pain, grief and trauma caused to her due to the various incidents that take place in the play. The death of Paris has also not been shown in the movie and the scene where Romeo was supp osed to visit the Capulet tomb thus had to be omitted and misinterpreted to the audience. Another misgiving has been provided to the audience through the movie; the presence of Friar John. The man was supposed to have been quarantined due to being suspected of having the plague, yet in the movie version, he passed Romeo and Balthasar while they were on their way to Verona. A number of dialogues that were supposed to be said by Capulet have also been passed o Lady Capulet instead. Many suspect that such a move was done in order to increase the role that women have in society in the present day and age. In those times, when Shakespeare had initially written the play, women were not given much importance, and their please or requests were either made in private, or were not heard

West indian literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

West indian literature - Essay Example Poet uses a language blends with her native language with enormous simplicity and the Caribbean have the view that their language is something differ from other language. The language of the poem reveals the suppression and sufferings of Caribbean people with all its emotional conflicts. In his article, entitled ‘Selected poems by Lorna Goddison’ Almendarez shares similar views about the Goddison’s language. He rightly puts it as: â€Å"Many of Goodison’s poems express a deep connection to Jamaica with all of its open wounds and beauty scars.†(Almendarez, Ayme, 2006). Her images are related with harsh realities of colonization and the suffering women folk in Caribbean countries. In her poem, Survivor Goddison uses free verse with an extensive use of words. The repetition of consonant sounds constitutes rhythmic quality of the poem. When analyzing the poem one can identify themes like the inner feelings and identity crisis, yearnings of the heart, and the clamors and temptations of the rough world are explored the following lines. The poet sings: â€Å"They took most living things/ even some rare species/ with extended wings† (Goodison, 4-6). The excellent use of figure of speech is another significant feature of Goddison’s poetry. The use of metaphor is apt to the situation when the poet remarks about her ancestors who sacrificed themselves for attaining their birth rights. Poet says, â€Å"So, here the wind plays/mourning notes/ on bones that once were ribs.†(Goodison, 11-13). The movement of the wind has been attributed as playing ‘mourning notes’ with a musical touch. There is a note of simile when she writes, ‘barrel of rain.’ The poem Survivor filled with rich images and word pictures. The survival of Caribbean woman can see such as ‘bear feet and bound hair’. The words of Chamberlin make it clear when he rightly says, â€Å"This freedom, along with the love and language of their islands, has been nourished by West

Computer in Elementary School Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Computer in Elementary School - Essay Example This essay approves that digital technology systems allow people to connect with one another and with information resources. More specifically, these systems can be designed to facilitate and support information. Then the systems can allow access, exchange, communication, and collaboration among individuals and groups. This in turn helps people in accomplishing their tasks activities. These technologies are often referred to as computer-mediated communication and groupware. Currently, the Internet is the network of choice. The Internet allows educators to connect instructors, learners, and information on a global basis. The popularity of the Internet permits this information to be hypermediated, highly unstructured, and readily available. Consequently, we are currently experiencing an explosion of Internet based instructional systems. The Internet has suddenly become the de facto global technology platform for instruction and learning. Although Internet based instruction is the faste st growing area of educational technology research, we know little about how to effectively design and implement these systems for educational applications. This report makes a conclusion that a review of educational technology literature over the past three decades reveals a proliferation of research articles and national reports detailing the effects of computer technology in the classroom. Recent reports advocate the need to "establish a definition of conditions for effective use of technology; create new measures of progress and indicators of effective use; and design new approaches to assessment and more sensitive evaluation tools".

Biology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Biology - Essay Example The idea of an island in the science of biology and evolution advances the idea of species evolutionary patterns. While the arguments have been made and supported for the use of fossils, and for the use of various short lived species of creatures there is still the variations of species in some areas versus others. Dawkins readily admits that he has no idea where the initial split occurred for species, however, he further clarifies by stating that given the common genetic heritage and the proliferation of biological islands separations and splits in various species is only a matter of time. Speciation is the term used by biologists to define the splitting of a species into daughter species. Creationists have adopted the idea of speciation to explain the variances that are obvious with the use of a small boat and the idea that two of every kind of animal was aboard. According to Carl Wieland of Creation.Com, â€Å"Virtually all creation theorists assume that Noah did not have with hi m pairs of dingoes, wolves and coyotes, for example, but a pair of creatures which were ancestral to all these species, and probably to a number of other present-day species representative of the ‘dog kind’.† (Wieland) Unfortunately, creationists still rely on a much shorter time period which cannot explain the lengths of time needed for each major shift and even for the minor shifts in various dog breeds and canine sub species.

Frederick Douglass Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Frederick Douglass - Essay Example According to the essay "Frederick Douglass" findings, examining the method that Douglass used in order to know how to read and write one will get a clear indication that abundant life was awaiting him. Douglas went through hardships in the house of his new master, Mr. Auld, whose wife offered to introduce him to the world of education. The wife, Mrs. Sophia Auld, was singularly motherly and kind to Douglas. At first, she treats Douglas like one of the family members to the extent of teaching him how to read and write. She had never been with slaves, so she knew nothing about how they were supposed to be treated (Douglas 76). However, when Mr. Auld knew what was taking place, he became an obstacle to Douglas’ education. He prevented the wife from her offers to the slave claiming that â€Å"slaves are unmanageable when they are educated†. This implied that if Douglass knew how to read and write, he would become a radical giving master’s hard time to manage. This st atement from a master gives us some light about the knowledge of reading and writing. Education will give one power to manage himself and not to depend on anybody or even allow another party to guide him on what to do. This illustrates the point that it is after knowing how to read and write that Douglas became successful after slavery. He knew how to manage himself and not depend on the decisions of other people. While he was being taught by Mrs. Auld, Douglass proved to be so intelligent and bright. This enabled him to secure a place in the shipyards as a worker.

Firewalls and Proxy Servers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Firewalls and Proxy Servers - Essay Example A recent change in leadership has influenced a change in this way of thinking. The ICT Department has been authorized to implement a more effective and efficient network defense system. It is, thus, that we are moving towards the adoption of a Stego defense system. Steganography, also called data hiding, is the art of hiding a covert (hidden) message within an overt file. Steganography can be described as a method to conceal the existence of a message within seemingly innocent material. To perform steganography, two willing parties are necessary. The sender embeds a covert message within an overt file and sends it to the receiver, who extracts the covert message. The goal of steganography is to hide as much information as possible without it being detected (Judge, 2001). The goal of stego-marking is to embed information in a way that prevents the information from being detected or removed. Stego-marking combines the key qualities of both steganography and digital watermarking (Judge, 2001). Our organization employs both hardware and software firewalls and any solution for enhancing the defense of our network system, or protecting us from the Internet's hostile environment, will operate in conjunction with our firewall system. At the present moment, we are involved in the implementation of a Stego system to operate in conjunction with our firewall system. In order to better understand how the one will compliment and enhance the other, it is necessary that I overview our operative firewall system. A firewall is a device that sits between two networks, usually the Internet and a corporate network. A firewall drops or allows the passing of packets based on certain conditions (Strassberg, Rollie, and Gondek, 2002). The filtering done by a firewall is usually based on one of the following: - An IP address that is taken from the IP header - A port number that is taken from the TCP or UDP header Some firewalls can filter packets according to application data, but most firewalls are not scaled for such filtering (Strassberg, Rollie, and Gondek, 2002). Our firewall system is not scaled for such filtering. Although firewalls are the main attack prevention device in use today, they can only filter packets at a high level. Firewalls cannot filter packets according to specific types of information in the packets. Firewalls use certain fields, such as IP addresses and port numbers, to determine if a packet should be filtered. These fields are used because they are the only fields considered useful for identifying and preventing attacks (Strassberg, Rollie, and Gondek, 2002). Ours is a packet-filtering firewall system. It has prevented countless intrusion attempts and attacks through the said filtering but, not all. Indeed, the failure of our firewall system to protect us from worm and virus attacks has, over the years, cost us over two hundred thousand dollars.By complimenting our firewall with a Stego system, our firewall can be used to filter packets based on data in other fields, such as the TCP and IP headers, when stego-marking is used to hide data in those fields. 2.2 Stego-Marking The figure below depicts our network structure. The public network, or Internet, is shown in red. The semi-public network is shown in yellow. This network contains systems that must be accessible to the Internet. The internal or private network is shown

Finance Week 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Finance Week 6 - Essay Example Debt financing should be monitored closely to ensure that the company’s debt obligations do not adversely affect the cash flow position of the organization. The use of financial metrics such as the current ratio can help managers monitor their debt position. The current ratio can be used to determine whether a company is in a good position to pay off its short term debt (Besley & Brigham, 2000). The sole use of equity financing affects the weighted average cost of capital composition. A lack of debt implies that 100% of the firm’s financing was achieved through the sale of common and preferred stocks. The free cash flow return on assets of a company is better whenever a company does not have to make monthly payments of principal and interest on debt. 3. The majority of business owners the Instructor has met do not use any long-term financial planning process for their company. What would you say are the pros and cons of developing and using long-term financial plans for a company? Developing and using a long-term financial plan is critical towards the success of a company. It is not wise to use equity financing as the sole instrument to raise money because issuing too many common stocks dilute its value and it lowers the power of the owners. One of the advantages of the use of debt financing is that it does not give the lender any power over the operations of the company. A con of debt financing is that it imposes a fixed obligation that adversely affects the cash flow of the

In my project I am using three tables Essay Example for Free

In my project I am using three tables Essay Calculate Date Due Back   Scroll through on the stock table to the desired item   The hire table displays all of that item and status etc   Change the status from available to on loan (L), select customer ID from the lookup and enter Date out   Click Calculate Date Due Back button to calculate date due back Validation And Verification I will use validation in my tables, e. g. length check for phone number, and the presence check for stock number. I eliminate a lot of the need for validation with lookup functions for example title in customer table, and item ID in hire table. This helps to avoid unnecessary mistakes, and prevents unneeded duplication. Testing I will now show hard copies of the database to prove that it is working correctly. This is the Customer Table The lookup function shows what a patient currently has on loan. Miss Russell currently has two junior crutches, a junior neck brace and a junior wheelchair which are due back on 23/02/2003 and 13/02/03 for the junior wheelchair. The wheelchair is currently overdue, and my overdue query will show this. Miss Russells other items are due to be returned within the week, so they should be on the Due This Week query, I will show a printout to prove my project is working correctly. The stock information query below shows that the junior wheelchair, stock #1 is in Miss Russells possession. I will now show that Miss Russell has returned the wheelchair, however it needs repaired, and Miss Russell requires a replacement. I will change the settings on the Stock Hire Linked table, and click the calculate Date Due Button These changes now appear in my tables and my weekly stock report. I will also show how I can add new items and customers. I will add a Mr Wilson, living in Gall Street, and in ward 5. This also shows my phone number validation, as I have purposely entered 11 numbers instead of 12.

Concepts of Money Measurement

Concepts of Money Measurement Business Entity Concept can also be known as separate entity concept. A business entity concept is the financial activities are record distinct from the people who finance it such as owners, creditors, customers, and employers. The accounting records reflect the financial activities of a specific corporate entity. So, the business should separately from the proprietor or investor. When the profit is return in to the business, the profit must be taken into account. For example, the sole trader invests available funds in the market share account. These available funds are not affecting the financial status of the business itself. Money Measurement Concept Money Measurement Concept is expressed in monetary term. Every transaction is records in terms of money. If the transaction cannot be measured in monetary term, then the transaction cannot be taken into account. Going Concern Concept Going concern concept is the business that expected that a business will continue to operate its business for the next 12 months or next accounting period. This concept assumes that the business is going on steadily training for year to year without reducing its operation. When an enterprise liquidates or scale down a part of operation of the enterprise, the ability of the enterprise to continue as going concern concept is not impaired normally. Materiality Concept This materiality concept is refers to purposes paying attention to important events and ignoring insignificant accounting items as well as suggests small aster purchases or improvements should be initially written off as an expense. Prudence concept Prudence concept is taking a proper caution in measuring profit and income. Prudence must be exercised when preparing financial statements because of the uncertainty surrounding many transactions. In this concept, income should not be anticipated at all possible losses should be provided for. a.) Give FOUR reasons why depreciation may occur. The definition of the depreciation is refers to noncash expense that reduces the value of an asset as a result of wear and tear, age, or obsolescence. Most assets lose their value over time and must be replaced once the end of their useful life is reached. The main reason of the depreciation is due to the physical wear and tear and the passage of time. For example, the value of the car is reduced over time as new model is introduced to the market, or the value of used motor vehicles is lower than a similar model but new motor vehicles. The second reason is obsolescence of the asset. For instance, the old machine in a factory is become more obsolescence due to time that the machine used. After many years, the value of the machine is depreciated because the residual or scrap value of the asset and similar new machine is come out in the market. The third reason is passage of time. Some assets diminish in value on account of sheer passage of time, even though they are not used. For example, the patent rights, copy rights and lease hold property. The forth reason is depletion of the asset. The depletion is to provide for the consumption on charge against earnings, based on the amount of wasting natural resources that are taken out of total available reserves during an accounting period. 2 b.) A firm buys a motor vehicles in January 20X5 for RM10,000. Calculate the annual depreciation for the first four years using. Reducing Balance Method, at an annual rate of 20%. Reducing Balance Method: Depreciation: Reduced Balance: Year 1 (20X5) 20% x RM 10,000 = RM 2,000 (RM 10,000 2,000) = RM 8,000 Year 2 (20X6) 20% x RM 8,000 = RM 1,600 (RM 8,000 1,600) = RM 6,400 Year 3 (20X7) 20% x RM 6,400 = RM 1,280 (RM 6,400 1,280) = RM 5,120 Year 4 (20X8) 20% x RM 5,120 = RM 1,024 (RM5, 120 1,024) = RM 4,096 Straight Line Method, if the vehicle is to be sold in four years time for RM2,000. Straight Line Method: Depreciation per year = = = RM 2,000 Dt Motor Vehicle account Ct ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   RM ÂÂ   ÂÂ   RM 20X5 20X5 Jan 1 Bank 10,000 Dec 31 Balance c/d 10,000 ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   20X6 20X6 Jan 1 Balance b/d 10,000 Dec 31 Balance c/d 10,000 ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   20X7 20X7 Jan 1 Balance b/d 10,000 Dec 31 Balance c/d 10,000 ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   20X8 20X8 Jan 1 Balance b/d 10,000 Dec 31 Balance c/d 10,000 ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   Dt Provision for Depreciation on Vehicle Ct ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   RM ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   RM 20X5 20X5 Dec 31 Balance c/d 2,000 Dec 31 Profit Loss A/C 2,000 ÂÂ   20X6 20X6 Dec 31 Balance c/d 4,000 Jan 1 Balance b/d 2,000 Dec 31 Profit Loss A/C 2,000 4,000 4,000 ÂÂ   ÂÂ   20X7 20X7 Dec 31 Balance c/d 6,000 Jan 1 Balance b/d 4,000 Dec 31 Profit Loss A/C 2,000 6,000 ÂÂ   6,000 ÂÂ   ÂÂ   20X8 20X8 Dec 31 Balance c/d 8,000 Jan 1 Balance b/d 6,000 Dec 31 Profit Loss A/C 2,000 8,000 ÂÂ   8,000 Profit Loss Account ( extract ) for the year ended 31 December ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   20X5 20X6 20X7 20X8 Operating expenses : RM RM RM RM Depreciation of Motor Vehicle 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 Balance Sheet ( extract ) as at 31 December ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   20X5 20X6 20X7 20X8 Fixed Assets RM RM RM RM Motor Vehicle, at cost 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 Less : Provision for depreciation 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 Net book value 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   ÂÂ   Calculate the cost of raw materials issued from the following data using : DATE PURCHASES SALES JAN 15 units x RM 10.00 FEB 10 units x RM 10.50 APRIL 20 units x RM 25.00 JUN 8 units x RM 11.00 AUG 10 units x RM 25.00 SEPT 20 units x RM12.00 NOV 13 units x RM 25.00 a.) LIFO method Date Purchases Cost of goods sold Balance Jan 15units x RM 10 15units x RM 10 = RM 150 Feb 10units x RM10.50 10units x RM 10.50 = RM 105 TOTAL 25 units @ RM 225 April 10units x RM10.50 10units x RM 10 10units x RM10.50 = RM105 10units x RM 10 = RM100 TOTAL 5 units x RM10 = RM 50 Jun 8 units x RM11 8 units x RM 11 = RM 88 TOTAL 5 units x RM10 = RM 50 8 units x RM 11 = RM 88 13 units @ RM 138 August 8 units x RM 11 2 units x RM 10 8 units x RM 11 = RM 88 2 units x RM 10 = RM 20 10 units @ RM 108 TOTAL 3 units x RM 10 = RM 30 Sept 20 units x RM 12 20 units x RM 12 = RM 240 TOTAL 3 units x RM 10 = RM 30 20 units x RM 12 = RM 240 23 units @ RM 270 Nov 13 units x RM 12 13 units x RM 12 = RM 156 Closing stock 3 units x RM 10 = RM 30 7 units x RM 12 = RM 84 10 units @ RM 114 Sales = ( 20 units + 10 units + 13 units ) x RM 25 = RM 1075 Cost of goods sold = (10units x RM10.50) + (10units x RM 10 ) + (8 units x RM 11 ) + (2 units x RM 10 ) + ( 13 units x RM 12 ) = RM 105 + RM 100 + RM 88 + RM 20 + RM 156 = RM 469 GROSS PROFIT =Sales Cost of Goods Sold = RM1075 RM469 = RM606 b.) FIFO method Date Purchase Cost of goods sold Balance Jan 15 units x RM 10 15 units x RM 10 = RM 150 Feb 10 units x RM 10.50 10 units x RM 10.50= RM 105 TOTAL 25 units @ RM155 April 15 units x RM 10 5 units x RM 10.50 15 units x RM 10 = RM 150 5 units x RM 10.50= RM 52.50 20 units @ RM 202.50 TOTAL 5 units x RM 10.50 = RM 52.50 Jun 8 units x RM 11 8 units x RM 11 = RM 88 TOTAL 5 units x RM 10.50 = RM 52.50 8 units x RM 11 = RM 88 13 units @ RM 140.50 August 5 units x RM 10.50 5 units x RM 11 5 units x RM 10.50 = RM 52.50 5 units x RM 11 = RM 55 10 units @ RM 107.50 TOTAL 3 units x RM 11 = RM 33 Sept 20 units x RM 12 20 units x RM 12 = RM 240 TOTAL 3 units x RM 11 = RM 33 20 units x RM 12 = RM 240 23 units @ RM273 Nov 3 units x RM 11 10 units x RM 12 3 units x RM 11 = RM 33 10 units x RM 12 = RM 120 13 units @ RM 153 Closing stock 10 units x RM 12 = RM 120 Sales = ( 20 units + 10 units + 13 units ) x RM 25 = RM 1075 Cost of goods sold = ( 15 units x RM 10 ) + ( 5 units x RM 10.50 ) + ( 5 units x RM 10.50 ) + ( 5 units x RM 11 ) + ( 3 units x RM 11 ) + ( 10 units x RM 12 ) = RM 150 + RM 52.50 + RM 52.50 + RM 55 + RM 33 + RM 120 = RM 463 GROSS PROFIT =Sales Cost of Goods Sold =RM1075 RM463 =RM612 c.) Average cost method Date Purchases Cost of goods sold Balance Jan 15 units x RM 10 15 units x RM 10 = RM 150 Feb 10 units x RM 10.50 10 units x RM 10.50 = RM 105 WAVCO 15 units x RM 10 = RM 150 10 units x RM 10.50 = RM 105 25 units @ RM 225 = RM 10.20 / units April 20 units x RM 10.20 20 units x RM 10.20 = RM 204 TOTAL 5 units x RM 10.20 = RM 51 Jun 8 x RM 11 8 units x RM 11 = RM 88 WAVCO 5 units x RM 10.20 = RM 51 8 units x RM 11 = RM 88 13 units @ RM 139 = RM 10.69 / units August 10 units x RM 10.69 10 units x RM 10.69 = RM 106.90 TOTAL 3 units x RM 10.69 = RM 32.07 Sept 20 units x RM 12 20 units x RM 12 = RM 240 WAVCO 3 units x RM 10.69 = RM 32.07 20 units x RM 12 = RM 240 23 units @ RM 272.07 = RM 11.83 / units Nov 13 units x RM 11.83 13 units x RM 11.83 = RM 153.79 Closing stock 10 units x RM 11.83 = RM 118.30 Sales = ( 20 units + 10 units + 13 units ) x RM 25 = RM 1075 Cost of Goods Sold = ( 20 units x RM 10.20 ) + ( 10 units x RM 10.69 ) + (13 units x RM 11.83 ) = RM 204 + RM 106.90 + RM 153.79 = RM 464.69 GROSS PROFIT =Sales Cost of Goods Sold = RM1075 RM 464.69 = RM 610.31 5a.) Explain clearly the difference between capital expenditure and revenue expenditure. Capital expenditure is acquired to be used in business operation to generate revenue for a period of more than one year. Capital expenditure is the money that spends on buying asset. For instance, office equipment and motor vehicle are the examples of the capital expenditure. Capital expenditure also can be considered as the useful economic life of the asset. Therefore, the expenditure incurred is allocated over the period it is used to match the revenue earned. On the other hand, revenue expenditure are incur in the current year in the business operation. The revenue expenditure is the expenditure on the wages, premises, and utility bills. Therefore, the revenue expenditure need to written off to the profit and loss account in the year in order to measure the profit or loss. This is an accounting concept termed matching and accruals concept. Revenue expenditure also is the money that spends to obtain the use of the asset and maintain the dairy operation of the business. b.) Classify the following items as capital or revenue expenditure. i .) Cost of new machinery Capital expenditure ii . ) Petrol and oil for the motor vehicle Revenue expenditure iii . ) Wages of office staff Revenue expenditure iv . ) Extension of factory Capital expenditure v . ) Repainting office Revenue expenditure vi . ) Cost of road tax and insurance for new van Capital expenditure vii . ) Cost of road tax and insurance for existing van Revenue expenditure viii . ) Repair and maintenance of existing van Revenue expenditure ix . ) Legal fees paid in connection with factory extension Revenue expenditure x . ) Cost of painting firms name on new van Capital expenditure Bibliography Internet sources Wikipedia 2009, Entity concept, 5 Dec, viewed by 3 July 2010 BusinessDictionary.com 2010, business entity concept, viewed by 18 June 2010 Tutor2u, accounting concept and conventions, viewed by 18 June 2010 Anil Kumar Gupta 2007, Depreciation, Causes of Depreciation, Need for Provision of Depreciation , 2 June ,viewed by 18 June 2010